Brief History of Computer by Ajiboye Daud

literary works REVIEW OF COMPUTER HARDWARE computing devices gather in growd from the fundamental principles of mathematical calculation and lecture touch. The computing frames of today are an end point of the efforts and intellect of mathematicians, logicians, linguists and technologists from all over the world. Computer biography comprises the evolutionary journey of computing systems, the mline of in operation(p) systems as well as the history behind the developing of a wide variety of reck angiotensin-converting enzymer package and hardware. Bellow is the computing machine history in brief and the evolution of computing machines. How did the several(predicate) types of computing devices evolve?Here is a brief overview of the pull ahead of computing technology from calculators of the 18th degree Celsius right up to the modern-day digital takeout computing machines. form Technology utilise forrader 1801 Calculators were the earliest computing devices. The y were the entirely computation tools for long categorys earlier the creation of estimators. 1801 The socio-economic classs that followed were dominated by the use of punched cards for computing. The users employ to bar programming assignments to a computer direction using stacks of cards. The programs use to be queued for processing and execution. 1930 1960 Desktop mechanical calculators were built during the 1930s.During the 1950s and the 60s, electronic desktop calculators came up. one-dimensional computational technologies predominated this head. 1940 1960 This span of time witnessed the outcome of the digital computing technology. Zuse Z3, ENIAC and EDSAC were just about of the primaeval digital computers. * First-generation computers were establish on the von von von Neumann arc fool awayecture. * The second generation computers were characterized by the backsideup man of vacuum tube by bipolar transistors. They were composed of printed circuit boards. A fter 1960 These divisions witnessed the developing of the third generation computers.They were based on integrated circuits. Computer systems of this period had tremendous storage capacities and high processing powers. Multi-core CPUs became lendable in the 21st century. Laptops, palmtops, hold PCs, notebook computers and tablet PCs are commonplace today. Computer development still continues. allow us now heart at the history and timeline of computing systems. Before go ahead, it will be interesting to hunch over when was the starting signal computer do socio-economic class Event 2400 BC Abacus, the early of all cognise calculator was invented in Babylonia. It was a major flavor towards the era of computing that was to follow. ergocalciferol BC Panini, an ancient Indian Sanskrit syntactician came up with the predecessor of the modern courtly language theory. 300 BC Pingala invented the binary human activity system that serves as the tush of computing systems the world over. 1614 crapper Napier intentional the system of movable rods, which used algorithms to make the basic mathematical operations. 1622 William Oughtred invented slide rules. 1822 Charles Babbage devised the firstly mechanical computer. 1937 John V. Atanasoff devised the first digital electronic computer 1939 Atanasoff and Clifford Berry came up with the ABC prototype. 1941 The electromechanical Z machines by Konrad Zuse proved being an in-chief(postnominal) step in the evolution of computers. 1943 Colossus, which was able to decipher German messages, was designed at Bletchley position in Britain. 1944 Harvard Mark I, a computer with lesser programmability was designed. 1945 John von Neumann depict a stored program arc clearecture, for the first time ever. This architecture was the heart of the computer systems certain thereafter. This architecture, which came to be know as the von Neumann architecture is a part of all computer till today. 1946 The Ballist ics inquiry Laboratory of the united States came up with the electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC). It was the first general purpose electronic computer but had an inflexible architecture. 1950 The US topic Bureau of Standards came up with the Standards Electronic/ eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC). It was the first computer using diodes for handling logic. 1951 Lynos Electronic side (LEO), the first business computer was substantial by John Simmons and T. Raymond Thompson. UNIVAC I, the first commercial computer was designed in the United States by John Presper Eckert and John W.Mauchly. EDVAC, the electronic discrete variable automatic computer was introduced. 1955 Bell Labs introduced its first transistor computer. Transistors made computers energy-efficient. 1958 Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was formed. This year to a fault witnessed the making of the first silicon chip by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce. 1968 decline launched the first mini c omputer known as PDP-8 1969 The US Department of disaffirmation founded the Advanced Research Projects Agency intercommunicate (ARPANET). It was established with intent to develop a computer network and is the predecessor of the Internet. 1971 Microcomputers came up with microprocessors and Ted Hoff at Intel, introduced 4-bit 4004. 1972 This year witnessed the creation of 8080 microprocessors by Intel. 1973 A minicomputer that was called Xerox low was develop during this year. It was an master(prenominal) milestone in the development of personal computers. 1974 Researchers at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center came up with Alto, which was the first workstation with an inbuilt mouse. It had a fair measurement of storage capacity and offered menus and icons. It could similarly impute to a network. 1975 Altair came up with the first portable computer. The foundation of the present-day relationship amid portability and computing was laid way back in 1975 Tandem computers, t he first computers with online motion processing capacities were born(p) during this period. 1979 By 1979, more than than half a million computers were in use in the United States. This number crossed 10 million by 1983. 1981 The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) was founded. It was during the akin year that the first 32-bit chip was introduced by Hewlett-Packard. 1982 Intel announced the 80286 processor. 1983 In this year, the Time cartridge holder nominated personal computer for the form of address machine of the year. 1985 Intel introduced the 80386 processor that consists of a 16MHz processor. 1990 The founding Wide weave was born. Tim Berners-Lee, a detective at CERN, positive HTML. He came up with specifications such as URL and HTTP. He based the World Wide Web on enquiry-based system that used hypertext and enabled battalion to collaborate over a network. His first web server and browser became available to the public. Till date The development of n ewer versions of computer systems continues. An operational system is that software parting of a computer system, which deals with the management of the different computer processes and the sharing of computer resources. It hosts computer applications and handles computer hardware. Take a look at the major events in the history of operate systems. Before going ahead, you major power like to take a supple look at the different types of operational systems. Year Event 1954 MIT came up with their operational system for UNIVAC 1103. 1964 Dartmouth timesharing operating system was developed. 1965 Multics was announced. However, it was clear for paying customers in October 1969. 1966 DOS/360 of IBM came up. 1969 This year witnessed the development of the Unix operating system by ATT. 1976 CP/M was developed during this year. 1980 OS-9 came up in 1980. 1981 This year can be considered fortunate to become witnessed the development of MS-DOS. IBM had hire Paul Allen and Bill Gates to effect an operating system in 1980. They used the operating system manufactured by the Seattle Computer Products as a template to develop DOS. 1984 Macintosh operating system came up in this year. 1987 It was during this year that MINIX, BSD2000 and OS/2 were developed. 1988 RISC iX, LynxOS and Macintosh OS ( transcription 6) came up during this year. 1989 This was the time when the RISC operating system was developed. 1991 It was in 1991 that Linux came up. It is a Unix-like operating system, which is a free software. It was during this year that Minix 1. 5 was developed and Macintosh came up with System 7. 1992 Solaris, the successor of Sun OS 4. X came up during this year. 1993 Plan 9, FreeBSD, NetBSD and Windows NT 3. 1 came up during 1993. 1995 OpenBSD and Microsoft Windows 95 came up during 1995 1996 Windows NT 4. 0 hit the computing market in 1996. 998 1998 witnessed the douse of Windows 98 as well of Solaris 7. 2000 Windows 2000, which hit the markets i n 2000, was the first Windows server operating system to drop the NT suffixed to its name. Windows ME, which was sold during this year, was the weather operating system in the Windows 9x line. ruby-red Hat Linux 6. 2E also came up during 2000. 2001 Windows XP was launched and in brief gained a wide popularity. Windows XP 64-bit edition followed in 2002. 2002 Windows XP assist Pack 1 was released in 2002. 2003 2003 witnessed the launch of the Windows 2003 Server as also the release of Red Hat attempt Linux 3. 2004 Windows XP Service Pack 2 was released in 2004. 2006 Windows Vista hit the markets 2008 Windows Vista Service Pack 1 and Windows Server 2008 came up in 2008. It was also during this very year that Windows XP Service Pack 3 was released. Computers have always been the most efficient computational devices. They have high processing powers and are able to run and execute large programs. Programming languages serve as the means to write programs on computer systems. Th us, it is of the essence(p) to look at the timeline of the development of nigh of the major programming languages.Following is an overview of the important events in the history of computer languages. Year Programming Language Developed Before 1950 The ENIAC coding system was primarily used in computing 1954-54 Fortran 0 was designed by a team at IBM. Fortran Implementation was developed by John Backus at IBM in 1957. 1956-58 John McCarthy came up with the concept of LISP. 1959 COBOL concept came up followed by its implementation that was developed by the Codasyl charge in 1960. The LISP implementation was developed in 1959. LISPs successor, Common LISP, came up afterwards in 1984. 1964 IBM came up with PL/I concept. PL/M followed years later in 1972. 1964 also saw the development of BASIC by Kemeny and Kurtz. 1969 Ken Thompson developed the B language. 1970 This was when protactinium was developed. 1972 It was during 1972 that Smalltalk and Prolog were developed. One of t he most important events in the history of computing was the development of C language. It was developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972. 1975 Scheme, the successor of LISP came up in 1975 as also Modula, the successor of Pascal. 1978 SQL was developed at IBM in 1978. 1979 REXX and AWK came up in 1979. 1980-83 C with classes was developed in 1980. Objective-C came up in 1982. 1983 witnessed the development of C++, one of the very popular languages till date. 1985 add-on and Object Pascal belong to 1985. 1987 Perl that derives some of its features from C, as also from AWK, sed and sh evolved in 1987. 1991 van Rossum came up with Python. Visual Basic, developed by Alan Cooper, came up in the same year. 1993 Ruby, which is considered a successor of Smalltalk and Perl, came up in 1993. 1994 PHP was born in 1994. 1995 ColdFusion belongs to 1995.It was during this year that James Gosling at Sun Microsystems came up with Java. 1996 Javascript was born in this year. ECMAScript, its su ccessor came up in 1997. 1999 XSLT, a language based on XML by the W3C and the Game Maker Language by Mark Overmars were born in 1999. 2000 The D language and C came up in 2000. 2006 The development of Windows PowerShell by Microsoft was one of the square events in computing that took place in 2006. Looking at the speedily march on computing technology, we can surely separate that the future of computers is going to be as glorious as their history.